Methods of making compositions comprising a uv-absorbing chromophore

ABSTRACT

A method of making a compound having the structural formula:  
                 
 
     wherein at least two of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  are non-fatty acid carboxylates, and the other of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3  are each either a C 2 -C 24  fatty acid moiety, OH, or a non-fatty acid carboxylate, wherein the first and second non-fatty acid carboxylates, when present, are the same or different, comprising (a) partially deacylating a triacylglycerol so as to provide a mono- or diacylglycerol, (b) reacting in a reaction mixture an acyl ester of the phytochemical with said mono- or diacylglycerol in the presence of a esterase catalyst under conditions that permit transesterification of said ester with said mono- or diacylglycerol, and (c) recovering said compound from said reaction mixture.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 60/723,209, filed Oct. 3, 2005 and entitled “AcceleratedFeruloylation of Vegetable Oils,” which is incorporated herein byreference. This application is related to commonly owned U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. ______, [Atty. Docket No. 1396-00601] filedconcurrently herewith and entitled “Compositions Comprising aUV-Absorbing Chromophore,” which is hereby incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates generally to compositions comprisingUV-absorbing chromophores such as phytochemicals and methods ofproduction of same. More specifically, the present disclosure relates tofat soluble compositions comprising feruloylated vegetable oils andmethods for the acylation of polyols.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Phytochemicals are broadly known to be any chemical or nutrient derivedfrom a plant source. The term phytochemicals may also refer to compoundsfound in plants that are not required for normal functioning of thehuman body but that may have a positive impact on body function. Forexample, phytochemicals may promote immune system function, possessantibiotic, antiviral, antineoplastic or antiinflammatory activity; andbe associated with the treatment or prevention of maladies such ascancer or cardiovascular disease. Given the wealth of possiblebeneficial effects of phytochemicals, these compounds may beincorporated into a variety of consumer products such as for examplenutritional supplements such as vitamins and topical protectants such assunscreen.

It is well established that UV radiation with wavelengths between 290 nmand 400 nm damages the human epidermis. Even brief exposure to UVBradiation (wavelengths between about 290 nm and about 320 nm) can causesunburn, while long-term exposure to UVA radiation (wavelengths betweenabout 320 nm and about 400 nm can cause skin cancer (melanoma) andpremature aging of the skin (including wrinkling, loss of elasticity,and pigment changes). Thus, there is a significant demand forinexpensive, effective sunblocks and sunscreens.

The most commonly used sunscreens are UV filters, which typicallyorganic compounds are incorporated at levels of about 2-15% into topicalformulations. A disadvantage of FM filters is that each organic compoundhas a limited range of effective TV absorptivity, rendering eachcompound better suited for either UVA protection or UVB protection butnot both. The advantage of the UV filtering molecules, however, is thatthey can be engineered to provide sunscreens with desirable physicalappearance, solubility, and water resistant properties.

One such approach to the formation of effective sunscreens entails theformation of structured lipids with specific UV-absorbing properties. Itis known that covalent substitution of ferulic acid onto the glycerolbackbone of triacylglycerols generates commercially-useful ultravioletlight absorbing lipids. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,236, whichis incorporated herein by reference, one technique for feruloylation ofvegetable oils entails a prolonged lipase treatment of ethyl ferulateand triacylglycerol. However, this reaction, a transesterification, isslow and takes on the order of days to reach equilibrium at 60° C.

Thus, there is an ongoing need for improved phytochemical-containingcompositions and methods of making same. Additionally, in order toimprove the commercial value of sunscreens and otherphytochemical-containing products produced from vegetable oils, itremains desirable to enhance the rate and yield of thetransesterification reaction.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein is a method of making a compound having the structuralformula:

wherein at least two of R₁, R₂, and R₃ are non-fatty acid carboxylates,and the other of R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each either a C₂-C₂₄ fatty acidmoiety, OH, or a non-fatty acid carboxylate, wherein the first andsecond non-fatty acid carboxylates, when present, are the same ordifferent, comprising (a) partially deacylating a triacylglycerol so asto provide a mono- or diacylglycerol, (b) reacting in a reaction mixturean acyl ester of the phytochemical with said mono- or diacylglycerol inthe presence of a esterase catalyst under conditions that permittransesterification of said ester with said mono- or diacylglycerol, and(c) recovering said compound from said reaction mixture.

Also disclosed herein is a method of making a desired compoundcomprising a triacylglycerol esterified with at least a firstcarboxylate, comprising (a) providing a mono- or diacylglycerol, (b)reacting in a reaction mixture an acyl ester of the first carboxylatewith said mono- or diacylglycerol in the presence of a esterase catalystunder conditions that permit transesterification of said ester with saidmono- or diacylglycerol, and (c) recovering the desired compound fromsaid reaction mixture.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technicaladvantages of the present invention in order that the detaileddescription of the invention that follows may be better understood.Additional features and advantages of the invention will be describedhereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. Itshould be appreciated by those skilled in the art tat the conception andthe specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basisfor modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the samepurposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by thoseskilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart fromthe spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appendedclaims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more detailed description of the present invention, reference willnow be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a plot illustrating the influence of water activity andvarious acyl acceptors on the reactivity of Candida antarctica lipase Bwith ethyl ferulate; soybean oil (SBO, closed circles),partially-deacylated SBO (PD-SBO, closed triangles),Enova:diacylglycerol oil (EDO, open circles);

FIG. 2 is a plot showing the degree of SBO glycerolysis by Novozym 435over time; glycerol/SBO ratios 1:4 (open circles), 1:2 (filledtriangles), and 1: I (open triangles);

FIG. 3 is a plot showing degree of transesterification over time for SBOwith EF in the absence or presence of glycerol; no glycerol (opencircles), glycerol/SBO molar ratio 1:4 (filled triangles), 1:2 (opencircles), and 1:1 (open triangles);

FIG. 4 is a plot comparing packed-bed transesterification s for EF andSBO (closed circles), EDO (open circles), and SBO that had beensubjected to glycerolysis (1:1 molar ratio) prior to combination with EF(filled triangles);

FIG. 5 consists of two plots of analytical HPLC chromatograms of thetransesterification reaction mixtures of A) triolein, EF and glycerol(2:2:1 mol ratio) and B) SBO and EF (1:1 mol ratio) after 144 h at 60°C. catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435; EF: ethylferulate, FG: feruloyl glycerol, F₂G: diferuloyl glycerol, FMOG:feruloyl monooleoylglycerol, F₂MOG: diferuloyl monooleoylglycerol, FDOG:feruloyl dioleoylglycerol, FMAG: feruloyl monoacylglycerol, F₂MAG:diferuloyl monoacylglycerol, FDAG: feruloyl diacylglycerol; and

FIG. 6 consists of four plots showing the product distributions duringthe transesterification of glycerolized triolein (trioleininteresterified with glycerol) with EF using Novozym 435 over the courseof 144 h; FG (filled circles), F₂G (open circles), FMOG (closedtriangles), F₂MOG. (open triangles), FDOG (closed squares), see FIG. 5caption for acronym definitions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Disclosed herein are chemical compositions comprising a linker agent andat least one compound comprising at least one UV-absorbing chromophoreand methods of making same. In an embodiment, the compound comprising atleast one UV-absorbing chromophore comprises a phytochemical. Thechemical compositions may further comprise a carrier agent. Thephytochemicals suitable for use in this disclosure may exhibit a varietyof desirable properties such as the ability to absorb ultravioletradiation and/or antineoplastic activity. The chemical compositionsdisclosed may be incorporated into formulations for use in topicalproducts, pharmaceutical products, nutritional products and otherapplications as will be described in more detail herein. Hereafter thediscussion will focus on the use of phytochemicals as the compoundscomprising at least one UV-absorbing chromophore in the disclosedcompositions however other compounds comprising at least oneUV-absorbing chromophore may also be employed in the compositions. Suchother compounds containing at least one UV-absorbing chromophore may beknown to one of ordinary skill in the art. Hereafter the chemicalcompositions comprising a linker agent, at least one phytochemical andan optional carrier agent will be referred to asphytochemical-containing compositions (PCCs).

Throughout the following disclosure certain acronyms are used forexpediency. They are as follows: EF: ethyl ferulate; FG: feruloylglycerol (one feruloyl moiety and no fatty acid moieties per glycerolmoiety); F2G: diferuloyl glycerol (two feruloyl moieties and no fattyacid moieties per glycerol moiety); FMOG: feruloyl monooleoyl glycerol;F₂MOG: diferuloyl monooleoyl glycerol; FDOG: feruloyl dioleoyl glycerol;FMAG: feruloyl monoacylglycerol (one feruloyl moiety and one fatty acidmoiety per glycerol); F₂MAG: diferuloyl monoacylglycerol (two feruloylmoieties and one fatty acid moiety per glycerol moiety); and FDAG:feruloyl diacylglycerol (one feruloyl moiety and two fatty acid moietiesper glycerol moiety).

In an embodiment, the PCC comprises a linker agent. The linker agent maybe any compound that can react to covalently bond with a phytochemicaland an optional carrier agent. Alternatively, the linker agent may be acompound characterized by the general formula:

wherein X₁ and X₂ are the same or different, and at least one of X₁ orX₂ is a functional group that is capable of bonding with thephytochemical, and b+f≧2. Y may comprise an O, N, or S that issubstituted or unsubstituted; each a, b, c, e and f is ≧0 anda+b+c+e+f≧2; d is 0 or 1; n1 and n2 represent the number of hydrogenatoms required to complete the undesignated valencies; and m ranges fromabout 1 to about 100. In some embodiments wherein m is greater than 1,the individual m units comprising the linker agent may the same ordifferent. In an embodiment, the linker agent further comprises aterminal carbon atom, C_(g), that is adjacent C_(f), wherein g≧1. Insome embodiments, the substitutents on the C groups, the Y groups, orcombinations thereof may form cyclic structures. Examples of such cyclicstructures include without limitation 1,2-cyclohexanediol,1,3-cyclopentanediol, cyclopentene-1,3-diol. In such embodiments, thecyclic structures formed may not comprise acetals or hemiacetals.

In an embodiment, the linker agent comprises a polyvinyl alcohol, anamine, a diol, a triol, a thiol or combinations thereof. Examples ofsuch compounds include without limitation ethylene glycol,ethylenediamine, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, glycerol,2-mercaptoethanol, 2-ethanolamine, 1,4-butanediol, diethylene glycol, orcombinations thereof Such linker agents may be produced by any meansknown to one of ordinary skill in the art. Alternatively, the linkeragent is produced by chemical modification of a triacylglycerol as willbe described in more detail later herein.

In an embodiment, the PCC comprises a compound containing at least oneUV-absorbing chromophore. Alternatively the PCC comprises aphytochemical. As used herein, “phytochemicals” are non-nutritive plantchemicals that have protective or disease preventive properties.Phytochemicals suitable for use in this disclosure may possess desirablecharacteristics such as for example UV absorbing properties, anti-agingproperties, anti-bacterial, anti-neoplastic properties, anti-oxidantproperties, anti-viral or other photoactive, bioactive, or opticalproperties. In some embodiments, acyl esters of various phytochemicalsare among the compounds that may be used in the present techniques.Substitution of various phytochemicals onto the linker agent may producecompositions with lesser water-soluble properties and greater oilsoluble properties (often described as an increase in the oil-waterpartition coefficient) having desirable properties corresponding tothose of the component phytochemicals. Examples of suitablephytochemicals include but are not limited to flavonoids, isoflavones(phytoestrogens), isothiocyanates, organosulfur compounds, saponins,capsaicin, sterols, and particularly hydroxycinnamic acid derivativessuch as coumaric, caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic and sinapic acids.

In an embodiment, the phytochemical comprises any carboxyl containingphytochemical. Alternatively, the phytochemical comprises an aromaticspecies, an unsaturated isoprenoid, an unsaturated terpenoid, a hinderedhydroxy-substituted cinnamic acid, an unhindered hydroxy-substitutedcernamic acid or combinations thereof. In embodiments wherein thephytochemical comprises a hydroxy substituted cinnamic acid, thesubstituents may be located at positions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or combinationsthereof. Examples of phytochemicals suitable for use in this disclosureinclude without limitation maleanilic acid, homovanillic acid, folicacid, crocetin, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid,derivatives thereof or combinations thereof. Useful propertiesattributed to those chemicals include antioxidant properties, simulationof hormonal action, simulation of enzymes, interference with DNAreplication, and anti-bacterial activity.

As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art theincorporation of a phytochemical in the PCC may result in slightmodifications of the phytochemical however, the compositions andmethodologies disclosed herein allow the phytochemical in the PCC toretain the beneficial properties associated with the phytochemical. Thefinal compositions disclosed herein are designated as PCC however, suchcompositions may comprise a slightly modified phytochemical orphytochemical derivative such as for example and without limitation aphytochemical having been deprotonated to allow for the formation of acovalent bond with another component described herein such as forexample a linker agent.

In an embodiment, the PCC comprises an optional carrier agent. Thecarrier agent may function to increase the lipid solubility of thecomposition thus the carrier agent may be any hydrophobic compound thatrenders the entire PCC water insoluble. Examples of suitable carrieragents include without limitation hydrogen, fatty acids, monoterpenes,diterpenes, triterpenes, or combinations thereof In an embodiment, thecarrier agent comprises a fatty acid for example a C₂-C₂₄ fatty acidmoiety having varying degrees of saturation from completely saturated totri-unsaturated. Alternatively, the carrier agent may comprise anon-fatty acid carboxylate.

In an embodiment, the PCC comprises a linker agent and at least twophytochemicals. In such embodiments, the linker agent may be a compoundcharacterized by the general formula:

wherein X₁ and X₂ are the same or different, and at least two of X₁ orX₂ is a functional group that is capable of bonding with thephytochemical, and b+f≧2, Y may comprise an O, N, or S that issubstituted or unsubstituted; each a, b, c, e and f is ≧0 anda+b+c+e+f≧2; d is 0 or 1; n1 and n2 represent the number of hydrogenatoms required to complete the undesignated valencies; and m ranges from1 to about 100, In some embodiments wherein m is greater than 1, theindividual m units comprising the linker agent may the same ordifferent. In an embodiment, b≧3 and the PCC comprises at least twophytochemicals of the type disclosed herein. The phytochemicals may bethe same or different. In such embodiments, X₁, X₂ or both are bondedwith the phytochemicals.

In an embodiment, the PCC comprises a compound having the generalformula:

wherein at least two of R₁, R₂, and R₃ are non-fatty acid carboxylates;and the other of R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each either a C₂-C₂₄ fatty acidmoiety, OH, or a non-fatty acid carboxylate, wherein the first andsecond non-fatty acid carboxylates are the same or different. In suchembodiments, the first non-fatty acid carboxylate may comprise a firstphytochemical and the second non-fatty acid carboxylate may comprise asecond phytochemical, wherein the first and second phytochemicals arethe same or different and may be of the type previously disclosedherein.

In an embodiment, the PCC comprises a compound characterized by thegeneral formula II:

wherein R₄=H or OCH₃ and R₂,R₃ or both are non-fatty acid carboxylatescomprising phytochemicals of the type disclosed herein. For simplicity,the double bond in the compound characterized by general formula II isdepicted in the bans isomeric form. As would be understood by one ofordinary skill in the art, the cis isomeric form may also be present invarying percentages.

In some embodiments, the PCC may comprise a linker agent and at leastone phytochemical wherein the linker agent is characterized by thegeneral formula:

wherein X₁ and X₂ are the same or different at least one of X₁ or X₂ isa functional group that is capable of bonding with the phytochemical,and b+f≧2; X₃ and X₄ are the same or different and X₃, X₄ or both is ahydrophobic moiety; Y may comprise an O, N, or S that is substituted orunsubstituted; each a, b, c, e and f is ≧0 and a+b+c+e+f≧2, d is 0 or 1;n1 and n2 represent the number of hydrogen atoms required to completethe undesignated valencies; and m ranges from 1 to about 100. In someembodiments wherein m is greater than 1, the individual m unitscomprising the linker agent may the same or different.

In such embodiments, X₃, X₄ or both may function to increase the lipidsolubility of the composition in the presence or absence of a carrieragent. For example and without limitation, X₃, X₄ or both may comprise aderivatizable naturally occurring lipid. In an embodiment, X₃ maycomprise a moiety characterized by the general formula:—CH═CH—(CH₂)_(n)CH₃,where n may range from about 8 to about 24, alternatively n may rangefrom about 12 to about 24, alternatively n is 12. In an embodiment, X₄may comprise a moiety characterized by the general formula:—NCO—(CH₂)—CH═CH—(CH₂)₇CH₃.Alternatively, X₃, X₄ or both comprises sphingosine, ceramide orcombinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the PCC may be produced using any means known to oneof ordinary skill in the art. Alternatively, the PCC may be produced bytransesterification of a mono- or diacylglycerol according to themethods disclosed herein.

It has been discovered that, unexpectedly, the rate oftransesterification with a desired non-fatty acid carboxylate can beincreased two- to seven-fold by prior or concomitant partial deacylationof a triacylglycerol. By partially deacylating the triacylglycerol orproviding mono- or diacylglycerol as a reagent, the rate oftransesterification with the desired carboxylate is increased.

In an embodiment, the glycerol is a triacylglycerol, for example andwithout limitation a natural vegetable oil. In an embodiment, thevegetable oil comprises soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil,high-oleic sunflower seed oil, canola oil, safflower oil, cuphea oil,coconut oil, palm kernel oil, olive oil or combinations thereof Theseoils may have fatty acid moieties ranging in length from C₂-C₂₄, andhaving varying degrees of saturation from completely saturated tohexa-unsaturated. Hydroxyl-substituted oils, such as ricinoleic, arealso contemplated. When the products of the invention are intended foruse in cosmetic formulations, it is preferred to select vegetable oilsthat are aromatically pleasing, particularly those having a relativelylow level of linolenic acid, for example. Synthetic triglycerides, suchas triolein, can also be used as the starting material.

The transesterification reactions described herein may be carried out inthe presence of a biocatalyst. In an embodiment, the biocatalyst is ahydrolase, alternatively an esterase, alternatively a lipase. A lipasesuitable for use herein is one having regioselective specificity towardsthe terminal acyl groups of a triacylglycerol. While there are severalsuitable enzymes, as will be recognized by those skilled in the art, onesuch lipase is produced by Candida antarctica. This enzyme on an inertsupport is produced by Novo Nordisk (Franklinton, N.C., USA) under thetrade name Novozym® 435.

As mentioned previously, it has been discovered that removal of one ormore of the fatty acids from the linker agent backbone (e.g., glycerol)prior to transesterification with the desired functional moietysignificantly enhances the subsequent rate of transesterification. Inaddition, deacylation of the triacylglycerol prior totransesterification may increase the production of diaryl-substitutedglycerols. As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art,the starting reagent may alternatively comprise a polyol (e.g.,glycerol) that has been reacted with a fatty acid in an esterificationreaction to produce a mono or diacylglycerol.

Mono- and/or diacylglycerols suitable for use in the present techniquesmay be produced from triacylglycerols by one of several processes,including but not limited to:

-   -   (1) partial alcoholysis of triacylglycerols, followed by        distillation to remove the produced fatty esters,    -   (2) partial hydrolysis of triacylglycerols followed by        distillation to remove the produced fatty acids,    -   (3) partial transesterification of glycerol with free fatty        acids (such as the 1,3-diacylglycerol sold under the trade name        Enova™ oil), or    -   (4) transesterification with glycerol or any of the linker        agents disclosed herein.

Alcoholysis may be conducted using short-chain alcohols such as ethanolor propanol, or by glycerol (glycerolysis), which is particularlyefficacious in this instance because no subsequent distillation step isrequired. By way of example only, soybean oil (SBO) can be emulsifiedwith ethanol at a 1:4 w/w ratio and then treated with Novozym 435 (10:1w/w substrate to enzyme ratio) at room temperature for 4 hours. Theenzyme can be separated from the product by filtration and excessethanol removed by rotary evaporation. The resulting preparation ofsn-2-monoacyglycerols (2-MAG) can be separated from ethyl fatty acidesters by molecular distillation.

The mono- and/or diacylglycerols can in turn be esterified with acompound having desired properties. For example, the mono and/ordiacylglycerols may be esterified with the phytochemicals disclosedherein. In an embodiment, the phytochemical comprises ethyl ferulate andthe linker agent comprises glycerol. In such embodiments,transesterification of the glycerol under the conditions disclosedherein may produce diferuloyl-MAG (F₂MAG) and diferuloyl glycerol (F₂G),as described in detail below while certain embodiments of the presentdisclosure are described herein with respect to feruloyl or coumaroylcompounds, it will be understood a the present disclosure isadvantageous in the manufacture of glycerols substituted with variousother compounds as well.

The transesterification (glycerolysis) reaction is optimally conductedin the absence of oxygen, such as in vacuo or under an inert gas such asnitrogen. The reaction may be carried out in a solventless system, oralternatively, using toluene or other suitable solvent for both theglyceride and the ferulate or coumarate ester reactants and also for thelipase catalyst. In an embodiment, the transesterification reaction maybe carried out in the substantial absence of water. Alternatively, thetransesterification reaction may be carried out in a solvent having awater activity of from about 0 to about 0.6, alternatively less thanabout 0.25. Temperature conditions for the reaction may range from about20° C. to about 65° C., with the preferred temperatures being in therange of about 55° C. to about 60° C.

As discussed in detail below, the lipase-catalyzed synthesis of PCCscomprising glycerol as a linker agent and ferulic acid as aphytochemical results in the exchange of one fatty acid group for oneferulic acid group. As both reactants are esters on separate molecules,this exchange is formally a transesterification. However, within thereactive site of the lipase, the reaction proceeds stepwise, with thetransient formation of an esterified enzyme. Thus, it is generallybelieved by those knowledgeable in the field that prior treatment of thetriacylglycerol with an alcohol to liberate a reactive hydroxyl positionon the glycerol backbone is unnecessary. Despite this expectation,however, we have discovered that the rate of transesterification of oilswith ethyl fendate substantially increases when the oil is, wholly or inpart, a mono- and/or diacylglycerol.

In the case of feruloylated glycerols, this rate enhancement improvesthe efficiency and production throughput of SoyScreen™ manufacture, andproportionally lowers its cost of production. The final product is acompound having a linker agent of the type disclosed herein, at leastone of the desired carboxylate groups bonded thereto, and optionally atleast one other group also bonded to the backbone, wherein the othergroup is either a C₂-C₂₄ fatty acid moiety, OH, or a non-fatty acidcarboxylate.

In addition to the discovery that partially deacylated glycerides aremore rapidly esterified, it has further been discovered thatmonoacylated glycerides react more rapidly than diacylated glycerides.By way of example only, feruloylation of 2-MAG achieved a 46±1% productyield in 24 hours, compared to 38% for Enova diacylglycerol oil (EDO).

The transesterification reactions described may be used to produce a PCCof the type disclosed herein. In some embodiments, prior to or followingrecovery of the PCC from the reaction mixture, the PCC may be subjectedto additional reactions intended to remove or reduce the amount ofvolatile compounds in the PCC. Any reaction useful for the reduction orremoval of volatile compounds from the PCC and compatible with thecomponents of the PCC as known to one of ordinary skill in the art maybe employed. In an embodiment, prior to or following recovery of the PCCfrom the reaction mixture, the PCC may be subjected to additionalreactions intended to remove at least a portion of any unreactedtriacylglycerol from the PCC. Any reaction useful for the removal ofunreacted triacylglycerol from the PCC and compatible with thecomponents of the PCC as known to one of ordinary skill in the art maybe employed.

The PCCs and methods of production disclosed herein may be used in themanufacture of numerous products ranging from cosmetics to nutritionalsupplements. In an embodiment, a formulation for use in the manufactureof a consumer product may comprise at least one PCC produced by themethodologies of the present disclosure. In such embodiments, the PCCmay absorb primarily UVA radiation, primarily UVB radiation, or both. Inone embodiment, a formulation for use in the manufacture of a consumerproduct may comprise at least one PCC of the type disclosed hereinwherein the PCC absorbs both UVA and UVB radiation. In alternativeembodiments, the PCC may possess anti-aging properties, anti-neoplasticproperties, antibacterial, properties, antioxidant properties orcombinations thereof. In an embodiment the consumer product may comprisea lotion, a sunscreen, a food supplement, a nutritional product, anagrochemical, a pharmaceutical product or combinations thereof.

EXAMPLES

The invention having been generally described, the following examplesare given as particular embodiments of the invention and to demonstratethe practice and advantages thereof It is understood that the examplesare given by way of illustration and are not intended to limit thespecification of the claims to follow in any manner. Throughout thefollowing examples certain acronyms are used for expediency. They are asfollows: EF: ethyl ferulate; FG: feruloyl glycerol; F2G: diferuloylglycerol; FMOG: feruloyl monooleoyl glycerol; F₂MOG: diferuloylmonooleoyl glycerol; FDOG: feruloyl dioleoyl glycerol; FMAG: feruloylmonoacylglyceroel F₂MAG: diferuloyl monoacylglycerol; and FDAG: feruloyldiacylglycerol.

Example 1

The effect of differing reaction conditions on the production of a PCCwas investigated. Ethyl ferulate (EF; ethyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate) was purchased from Shanghai OSD (Shanghai, China). Novozym435 (Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized on acrylic beads) wasobtained from Novozymes North America (Franklinton, N.C.). Soybean oiland Enova diacylglycerol oil (EDO; a product of ADM Kao LLC, Decatur,Ill.) were purchased at a local grocery. All other reagents were fromSigma-Aldrich and Fisher Scientific. Glycerol was spectroscopic grade(<0.1% w/w water). Silica gel (70-325 mesh) and 3-Å molecular sieveswere dried at 110° C. under vacuum.

Partially deacylated SBO (PD-SBO) was prepared by treatment of a 2:5(mol:mol) mixture of 1-propanol and SBO with Novozym 435 (1 g of enzymeper 25 g of substrate) for 2 d at 60° C. on an orbital shaker (200 rpm).Product was filtered to remove enzyme and molecular distilled to removefatty acid propyl esters, free fatty acids, and residual propanol. Thedistillation residue fraction (PD-SBO) had a triacylglycerol (TAG)content 50% (w/w) of the original SBO and a very low monoacylglycerol(<5% w/w) content. SBO was emulsified with ethanol at a 1:4 w/w ratioand then treated with Novozym 435 (10:1 w/w substrate to enzyme ratio)at room temperature for 4 h. Enzyme was separated from the product byfiltration and excess ethanol was removed by rotary evaporation. 2-MAGwas separated from ethyl fatty acid esters by molecular distillation.

Lipids and ferulate species were determined following procedurespreviously described in an article by Compton et al entitled“Lipase-catalyzed Synthesis of Ferulate Esters” which was published inthe Journal of the American Oil Chemical Society, Volume 77, pages513-519, published in 2000, and incorporated by reference in itsentirety herein. Analysis was conducted with a Thermo SeparationsProducts (San Jose, Calif.) HPLC system consisting of a AS3000autosampler, P4000 pump, SCM1000 solvent degasser, UW6000LP diode arraydetector, an evaporative light scattering detector (Alltech, Deerfield,Ill.), and a Prodigy C8 column (5 μm, 250×4.6 mm; Phenomenex, Torrance,Calif.).

For the separation of various feruloylated lipids, the column wasdeveloped isocratically at 1.5 mL/min with 40:60 (v/v) acetone(containing 1% glacial acetic acid)/acetonitrile. Samples were preparedby 200-fold dilution into acetone and then passage through a Gelman 0.45μm 13LC PVDF syringe filter prior to injection. The injection volume was10 μL. The column eluate was monitored at 340 nm. The evaporativelight-scattering detector TAG response was calibrated using dilutions ofSBO. A linear response was found for the most prominent species (elutingat 9.7 min) over the 1.0 to 5.0 mg SBO/mL.

For the quantitation of FA and EF, a water/methanol gradient elutionregime was employed with detection at 325 nm and with theacetone-diluted samples further diluted 20-fold with methanol. Detectorresponse (325 -nm, 7 nm bandpass) was calibrated with FA and EF.Responses were linear for both species in the range employed (EF: 50 to250: M; FA: 2 to 20: M). The sample injection volume was 10 μL.

Transesterification batch reactions were conducted in 50-mL capped,plastic conical tubes containing EF (1.0 g), oil (4.0 g), and Novozym435 (0.25 g). Tubes were placed upright into an orbital shaker (200 rpm)and incubated at 60° C. Aliquots (100 μL) were removed at timedintervals for analysis by HPLC and UV spectroscopy (325 nm). UVspectroscopy was used to determine the total concentration of feruloylspecies in the oil,, which was necessary to correct for a small amountof EF absorption to the enzyme support. Details concerning reactionproduct analysis and the calculation of product yield have beendescribed in an article by Laszlo et al entitled “Packed-Bed ReactorSynthesis of Feruloylated Monoacyl- and Diacylglycerols:Clean Productionof a “Green” Sunscreen” published in 2003 in Green Chemistry Volume 5pages 3.82-386 which is incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety. For this purpose, yield is based on a definition of product ascomprising all feruloylated glycerol species containing 0-2 fatty acidacyl groups. Ferulic acid is considered an unwanted by-product. Batchglycerolysis reactions were conducted in 50-mL glass round bottomSchlenk flasks. Silica (200 mg) and glycerol were mixed together, thenoil, EF (if needed), and Novozym 435 were added. Flasks were evacuatedand sealed under vacuum. Reactions were conducted as described for thetransesterification procedure, but with the additional step ofre-evacuating the flasks for 5 min following each sampling.

Substrates (i.e., the various oils and EF) and enzyme were equilibratedfor at least 7 d in separate sealed containers enclosed with saturatedsalt solutions or solid adsorbents to establish fixed water activitiesfor transesterification reactions. The corresponding waterconcentrations in the equilibrated oils are given in Table 1. Water wasmeasured using coulometric Karl Fischer analysis with 70:30 (v/v)Hydranal AG-H/chloroform as the analyte. Reaction components werecombined in capped conical tubes and subjected to batch reactionconditions (vide supra). TABLE 1 Water content (μg/g) Salt/adsorbent SBOPD-SBO EDO Water activity 3-Å Sieves  10 ± 2^(a)  45 ± 1 94 ± 8 ND^(b)Silica gel  64 ± 17  179 ± 54 331 ± 90 <0.01 LiBr  87 ± 4 237 ± 4 435 ±13 0.06 LiCl 126 ± 3 325 ± 6 609 ± 13 0.11 MgCl₂ 320 ± 4 897 ± 3 1756 ±3  0.33 Mg(NO₃)₂ 525 ± 6 1535 ± 19 3070 ± 70  0.53^(a)n = 3.^(b)Not defined.

Novozym 435 (32 g) was solvated in SBO under reduced pressure for 30min, incubated overnight at room temperature, and then transferred to ajacketed chromatography column (2.5×30 cm, 147 mL nominal internalvolume). Using β-carotene as a marker, the bed included volume wasestimated to be 80 mL. The enzyme bed was conditioned overnight byrecirculating SBO at 2 mL/min. The reactor was maintained at 60° C.using a circulating bath. Reactants (EF and vegetable oil) were fed intothe top of the reactor using a peristaltic pump at 2 mL/min. Reactoreffluent was collected in a small reservoir (30 mL), which was keptunder a slow stream of N₂ with the contents magnetically stirred, andrecirculated back into the packed-bed bioreactor. The reaction mixturewas prepared by combining 40 g of EF with 160 g of oil at 60° C. Whileretaining 18 mL of this solution for the reservoir, the reaction mixturewas passed onto the column, discarding the displaced SBO to waste, thendirecting the reactants back to the reservoir once the reactor wasentirely loaded. For SBO glycerolysis, a syringe pump delivered glycerolto the reservoir at fixed rates.

Substrates and enzyme equilibrated to a fixed water activity (a_(w))were combined (1 g EF, 4 g oil and 0.25 g Novozym 435) and incubated at60° C. for 24 h. The employed oils were SBO (closed circles), PD-SBO(filled triangles), and EDO (open circles). Experiments were performedin triplicate (error bars represent one standard deviation) and theresults are plotted in FIG. 1. It can be observed that a_(w) has minimalimpact on transesterification rates. For SBO, reaction under the lowesta_(w) condition (equilibrated with molecular sieves) produced the lowestrate while reactions performed at the highest a_(w) (0.53) were slightlyfaster (P<0.05). However, for EDO and PD-SBO there was no statisticallysignificant reactivity change over the a_(w) range examined. Thesefindings indicate that the extent of enzyme hydration does not directlyinfluence the transesterification reaction.

At a_(w)≧0.06; detectable quantities of ferulic acid were producedduring EF transesterification with the various oils (SBO, EDO, andPD-SBO), although the amount of EF hydrolysis was less than 2% withinthe time allotted (24 h). EF hydrolysis generally increased with a₁(data not shown), but there were no differences among the oils at agiven a_(w) despite their enormous water content differences (Table 1).Consistent with these observations is the finding that, with theexception of molecular sieve-equilibrated reactants, the water contentof the reaction media after 24 h were all lower than their initialvalues, suggesting that hydrolysis was responsible for lower waterconcentrations. EF hydrolysis is effectively irreversible under theseconditions, however a steady-state (i.e., reversible) level of freefatty acids may be produced during the reaction. A SBOtransesterification rate increasing with a_(w) may arise from thegeneration of small amounts of MAG and diacylglycerol (DAG) byhydrolysis, if the transesterification reaction is rate limited by theacyl acceptor. Therefore, these findings are consistent with EF/SBOtransesterification proceeding in a sequentialhydrolysis-transesterification reaction via a ping-pong bi-bi mechanism,while hydrolysis is not required for EF reactions with EDO and PD-SBO.

The slight rise in reactivity with increasing a_(w) observed here withthe transesterification of EF with SBO, and the complete insensitivityto a_(w) of the reaction using partially deacylated oils (EDO andPD-SBO) as the acyl acceptors, is novel. The EF/oil mixture may have apolarity such that water does not condense on the enzyme. An alternativeexplanation may be that, unlike the examples given, the rate limitingstep is deacylation (transfer of ferulate from the enzyme ester toglyceride), not acylation (transfer of ferulate from its ethyl ester tothe enzyme-ester intermediate).

Transesterification rates with EF were profoundly affected by thestructure of the oil. Reactions with EDO or PD-SBO were 3- to 6-foldfaster than with SBO (FIG. 1). Feruloylation of 2-MAG proceeded evenfaster, achieving a 46±1% product yield in 24 h (cf. 38% for EDO). Theseobservations indicate that the reaction is rate limited by the acylacceptor, and that oils with free hydroxyl groups are preferred acylacceptors (better nucleophiles) in comparison with TAG. In thesereactions the weight of oil reactants was identical, but their molarconcentrations differed slightly. Based on fatty acid composition andglyceride distribution, average molecular weights of 751 and 660 can beestimated for PD-SBO and EDO, respectively. Therefore, the EDOconcentration was 14% higher: that of PD-SBO. For observations pooledacross all a_(w) values, EDO rates were 13% higher than those of PD-SBO(34.6±2.7 and 30.5±3.4, respectively; P<0.05). The small difference inreactivity observed between EDO and PD-SBO could thus be attributed todiffering molar concentrations of the acyl acceptor. However, the higherreactivity of EDO compared to PD-SBO is somewhat counter intuitive asthere is the expectation that a free 1(3)-position alcohol would be morereactive than a sn-2-position alcohol in the glycerides. EDO consistsapproximately of 14 wt % TAG, 57 wt % 1,3-DAG, and 28 wt % 1(3),2-DAG.Therefore, EDO has a 1(3),2-DAG content comparable to PD-SBO (anapproximately 50:50 mol % mixture of TAG and DAG, with a unknowndistribution between 1,3-DAG and 1(3),2-DAG). A possible explanation forthis circumstance is that an enzyme-catalyzed interesterification of EDOto produce free 1(3)-position alcohols occurs rapidly within the timeframe of the EF transesterification reaction. Novozym 435 was observedto produce TAG from EDO under these reaction conditions, whichdemonstrates the potential for enzyme-catalyzed sn-2-position acylation.Non-catalyzed acyl migration may also contribute to 1(3),2-DAG and MAGformation from EDO.

Chemical transesterification of cinnamic acids provides some activationso that they may serve as acyl donors in ezymatic transesterifications.Consequently, it was unanticipated that the reaction of EF with SBOwould be deacylation-rate determined.

Example 2

The improvement shown in EF transesterification kinetics by usingpartially deacylated oils in place of SBO suggests that MAC and DAGwould be preferable substrates. For commercial considerations,introducing additional processing steps to generate and isolate MAG andDAG has negative consequences. Therefore, in situ MAG and DAG generationfrom SBO via glycerolysis was examined. FIG. 2 displays the time coursefor SBO glycerolysis at several glycerol/SBO molar ratios. Glycerol/SBOmolar ratios were 1-4 (open circles), 1:2 (filled triangles) and 1:1(open triangles). Glycerol (92, 184, or 368 mg) was admixed with 200 mgof silica in a flask, and then SBO (4 mL) and Novozym 435 (200 mg) wereadded. Reactions proceeded under partial vacuum at 60° C. The data inFIG. 2 are mean values of duplicate experiments. The results demonstratethat initial glycerolysis rates were similar for glycerol/SBO molarratios between 1:4 and 1:1. The residual TAG content at completion wasreduced to 64% after 4 h for 1:4 glycerol/SBO, to 44% after 8 h for 1:2glycerol/SBO, and to 31% after 24 h for 1:1 glycerol/SBO. The percentageof remaining TAG in each case is consistent with that expected for atreatment with a 1,3-specific lipase, i.e., respectively, 64.0%, 44.4%and 25.0% for 1:4, 1:2 and 1:1 glycerol/SBO (14), although CALB is notstrictly 1,3-specific. In these experiments, glycerol was adsorbed tosilica prior to the introduction of enzyme to avoid fouling the enzymeand its support with excess glycerol, a common practice in the enzymaticproduction of MAG and DAG from TAG. Keeping the reaction under vacuumminimizes the production of free fatty acids.

Example 3

The effect of the inclusion of silica-adsorbed glycerol to thetransesterification reaction of EF with SBO was investigated. Theresults demonstrate that inclusion of the silica-adsorbed glycerolproduced enhanced product formation rates that increased with the amountof added glycerol, as illustrated in FIG. 3. In the FIG. 3 the molarratio of EF: SBO was 1:1 and the enzyme/substrate ratio(EF+SBO+glycerol) was 1:20 w/w. The reaction contained 200 mg of silicaand no glycerol (closed circles), or silica with glycerol atglycerol/SBO molar ratios of 1:4 (filled triangles), 1:2 (open circles)and 1:1 (open triangles). Glycerolysis was conducted for 24 h prior tothe addition of EF, which allowed glycerolysis to be complete prior tothe start of the EF transesterification (FIG. 2). Reactions proceededunder partial vacuum at 60° C. and were performed in triplicate (errorbars represent one standard deviation).

The results demonstrate that during the early phase of EFtransesterification (up to 8 h after EF addition), product formationrates with 1:2 and 1:1 glycerol/SBO were the same, approximately 4-foldfaster than in the absence of glycerol, but there was greater productformation with 1:1 glycerol/SBO than with 1:2 glycerol/SBO after thisinitial period. The enhanced product formation found using SBOglycerolysis prior to EF transesterification is consistent with thefindings above that partially deacylated MAG and DAG (PD-SBO and EDO)react with EF more quickly than SBO.

Attempts to react glycerol, EF and SBO synchronously producedinconsistent results. Trials using 1:4 glycerol/SBO produced an EFtransesterification rate comparable to that depicted in FIG. 3, but athigher glycerol/SBO ratios the enzyme support frequently agglomerated,resulting in significant activity loss. This may have resulted from EFprecipitation induced by excess solubilized glycerol. Adding more silicato the reaction did not completely eliminate the agglomeration problem,while the inclusion of such large amounts of silica introduced mixingand sampling problems. Furthermore, it was observed that silica-adsorbedglycerol has drawbacks when attempting to implement large-scaleprocesses. Consequently, stepwise glycerolysis and transesterificationwere implemented on scale-up.

Example 4

A packed-bed bioreactor was investigated as an alternative means ofsynthesis of the PCC. A packed bed bioreactor represents a practicalalternative to batch reactions for utilization of expensive immobilizedenzyme. FIG. 4 compares product yields over time with SBO, EDO andglycerolized SBO (1:1 glycerol/SBO mol ratio), using a packed-bedreactor. As expected, compared to TAG there was a pronounced increasedin reactor performance using the partially deacylated oils. Due to alower substrate:enzyme ratio, packed-bed conversions were faster thanthose observed in batch reactions, see FIG. 3. Glycerolized SBO wasconveniently generated using Novozym 435 in a packed bed by slowlymetering in glycerol over a 24-h period. By this method the same extentof SBO TAG conversion (70%) to MAG and DAG was achieved as that obtainedin a batch reactor (FIG. 2, 1:1 glycerol/SBO mol ratio). Theseobservations indicate that a facile two-step process, SBO glycerolysisfollowed by EF transesterification, can be implemented in a packed-bedreactor without relying on glycerol-adsorbed silica. The mixture of MAGand DAG from SBO glycerolysis are much more reactive than SBO during EFtransesterification, which leads to greater reactor productivity.

Example 5

An HPLC method using a water/methanol gradient and a phenyl-hexylreverse-phase column was investigated to elucidate the molecular speciesof biocatalytically derived feruloylated vegetable oils.

Glycerol (0.0 to 0.368 g, 0.0 to 4.2 mmol) was blended with 200 mg ofsilica gel in 50-mL Schlenk flasks. Triolein (3.54 g, 4.0 mmol) andNovozym 435 (0.221 g) were added to the Schlenk flasks and the mixtureswere degassed under vacuum for 30 min. The evacuated flasks were shakenon an orbital shaker (200 rpm) at 60° C. for 24 h. EF (0.88 g, 4.0 mmol)was added the flasks, and the flasks were evacuated for 5 min. Thereaction mixtures were allowed to shake (200 rpm) at 60° C. for 120 h.Aliquots (100 μL) were removed at timed intervals for analytical HPLCand UV spectroscopy (325 nm). The flasks were evacuated for 5 min aftereach sampling. The feruloyl mono- and dioleoyl glycerol (FMOG and FDOG,respectively) and the diferuloylated monooleoyl glycerol (F₂MOG) specieswere characterized by HPLC-MS.

After reaching equilibrium (120 h), the feruloylated oleoylglycerolreaction mixtures were extracted with 10 mL of 2-methyl-2-propanol. Thesolutions were filtered to remove the Novozym 435 and silica gel. Thesolids were rinsed with two 2-mL portions of 2-methyl-2-propanol. Thecombined filtrates (14 mL) were transferred to 50-mL Schlenk flasks.Water (1.0 g, 55.0 mmol) and Lipase PS-C “Amano” I (0.100 g) were addedto the flasks, and the flasks were shaken (175 rpm) at 37° C. Aliquots(20 μL) were removed at timed intervals for analytical HPLC and UVspectroscopy (325 nm).

The packed-bed bioreactor synthesis of feruloylated SBO is described inthe article by Laszlo et al. entitled Packed-Bed Bioreactor Synthesis ofFeruloylated Monoacyl- and Diacylglycerols: Clean Production of a“Green” Sunscreen and previously incorporated herein. A solution ofEF(40 g) dissolved in SBO (160 g) at 60° C. was circulated over a bed ofNovozym 435 (34 g) at 60° C. for 144 h. The reaction progress wasmonitored by analytical HPLC. Byproducts and unreacted staring materialwere removed from the reaction mixtures by molecular distillation at120° C. The biocatalytic conversion of ethyl ferulate (EF) and soybeanoil (SBO) results in a mixture of feruloyl-MAG (FMAG), feruloyl-DAG(AG), and diferuloyl-MAG (F₂MAG), as well as trace amounts of feruloylglycerol (FG) and diferuloyl glycerol (F₂G). Analysis (HPLC-MS and NMR)confirmed that diferuloyl derivatives of glycerol are produced.

Feruloylated SBO (240 g) and water (14.5 g) were dissolved in 250 mL of2-methyl-2-propanol in a 1-L Fernbach flask. The solution was shaken(125 rpm) at 37° C. for 144 h. Aliquots (100 μL) were removed at timedintervals for analytical HPLC and UV spectroscopy (325 nm). The feruloylglycerols (FG and F₂G) were isolated by preparative HPLC. The 40aliquots corresponding to the FG collected during HPLC separations werecombined and the solvent removed under vacuum at 40° C. to yield acloudy, colorless viscous oil. The isolated FG was analyzed byanalytical HPLC and was found to be pure. Yield: 3.69 g. ¹H NMR(d6-acetone): δ ppm) 7.60 (1 H, d, J=16.1 Hz, H-8), 7.31 (1 H, s, H-2),7.12 (1 H, d, J=8.2 Hz, H-6), 6.85 (1 H, d, J=8.1 Hz, H-5), 6.37 (1 H,d, J=16.1 Hz), 4.19 (2H, dm, J=24.3 Hz, H-11), 3.90 (3 H, s, H-7), 3.87(1 H, m, H-12), 3.58 (2 H, m, H-13). ¹³C{¹H} NMR (d6-acetone): δ (ppm)167.5 (C-10), 150.1 (C-4), 148.8 (C-3), 145.8 (C-8), 127.5 (C-1), 123.9(C-6), 116.1 (C-5), 115.8 (C-9), 111.3 (C-3), 71.0 (C-12), 66.3 (C-13),64.1 (C-11), 56.3 (C-7). APCI MS: 266.9 [M-H]³¹ (calcd C₁₃H₁₆O₆: 268.1).

The 40 aliquots corresponding to the F₂G collected during preparativeHPLC separations were combined and the solvent removed under vacuum at40° C. to yield a viscous, yellow oil. The isolated F2G was analyzed byanalytical HPLC and was found to be pure. Yield: 2.3 g. 1H NMR(d6-acetone): δ (ppm) 7.62 (2 H. d, J=16.1 Hz, H-8), 7.30 (2 H, s, H-2),7.10 (2 H, d, J=6.9 Hz, H-6), 6.85 (2 H, d, J=6.5 Hz, H-5), 6.40 (2 H,d, J=16.1 Hz), 4.27 (4 H, m, H-11), 4.18 (1 H, m, H-12), 3.88 (3 H, s,H-7). ¹³C{¹H} NMR (d6-acetone): δ (ppm) 167.4 (C-10), 150.1 (C-4), 148.8(C-3), 146.1 (C-8), 127.4 (C-1), 124.0 (C-6), 116.1 (C-5), 115.6 (C-9),111.4 (C-3), 68.35 (C-12), 66.0 (C-11), 56.4 (C-7). APCI MS: 464.9[M-H+Na], 443.0 [M-H]⁻ (calcd C₂₃H₂₄O₉: 444.14).

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) incorporating ultraviolet(UV) detection, electronic light scattering (ELS) detection, and massspectrometry (MS methods were used to resolve TAG species based on fattyacid composition, positional isomers, and degree of unsaturation. Thebiocatalytic and chemical conversion of TAG to structured lipids andfatty acid esters resulted in intermediate DAG and MAG as well as FFA.We developed HPLC methods to resolve the DAG and MAG and to elucidatethe positional isomers of these intermediate glycerols.

The biocatalytic conversion of ethyl ferulate (EF) and soybean oil (SBO)results in a mixture of feruloyl-MAG (FMAG), feruloyl-DAG (FDAG), anddiferuloyl-MAG (F₂MAG), as well as trace amounts of feruloyl glycerol(FG) and diferuloyl glycerol (F₂G). To help identify these specieschromatographically, model reactions of EF and triolein were examined tolessen the convolution of the HPLC chromatograms due to the multiplefatty acids in SBO.

Analyses were performed using a Thermo Separation Products (San Jose,Calif.) HPLC system consisting of a Spectra System AS3000 autosampler, aSpectra System P4000 pump, a Spectra System TV6000LP detector, anAlltech (Deerfield, Ill.) 500 Evaporative Light-Scattering Detector(ELSD), and a Luna Phenyl-Hexyl column (5 μm, 250×4.6 mm, Phenomenex,Torrance, Calif.). Solvents were filtered using Whatman 0.45 μm nylonmembrane filters (Sigma-Aldrich) and degassed using a Thermo SeparationProducts SCM 1000 Membrane Degasser. The feruloylated lipid species weredetermined using a three-solvent gradient. Solvent A was water (268 mL),methanol (70 mL), 1-butanol (11 mL), and glacial acetic acid (1 mL).Solvent B was water (93 mL), methanol (245 mL), 1-butanol (33 mL), andglacial acetic acid (3 mL). Solvent C was methanol. The column wasdeveloped at 1.0 mL/min with a 5 mm isocratic flow of 3:1 A-B, a 2 minlinear gradient to 100% B, a 5 min isocratic flow of 100% B, a 2 minlinear gradient to 100% C, a 13 min isocratic flow of 100% C, followedby a 3 min linear gradient to 3:1 A:B. The UV detector response (325 nm,7 nm bandpass) was calibrated with EF. Injection volumes were 10 μL.HPLC-MS. HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization MS (HPLC-APCIMS)was conducted with a Finnigan-Thermoquest LCQ LC-MS system (AS3000autoinjector, P4000 HPLC pump, UV6000 PDA detector, LCQ ion-trap massspectrometer and a nitrogen generator) (San Jose, Calif.) all runningunder the Xcaliber 1.3 software system. The MS was run with theelectrospray ionization ESI) interface operating in the negative ionmode. The source inlet temperature was set at 220° C. and the sheath gasrate was set at 90 arbitrary units. The MS was optimized by using theautotune feature of the software while infusing a solution of F₂G inwith the effluent of the column and tuning on an atomic mass unit of 531[M-H]⁻. The software package was set to collect mass data between100-1500 atomic mass units (AMUs). Generally the most significant sampleions generated under these conditions were [M-1]⁻. The LC conditionswere the same as those described above for the analytical system, withthe liquid flow exiting the diode array detector was split 1/10 with thelow flow split being directed into the ESI-MS interface.

In contrast to HPLC methods that have been developed previously for theresolution of phenolic lipids, which have focused on catecholic (e.g.urushiol, anacardic, ginkgolic), resorcinolic, and hydroquinonic lipids,the present method provides an HPLC method that is effective for theseparation and identification of various phenolic substituted MAG andDAG species.

Example 6

Preparative HPLC was used to isolate FG and F₂G. A Shimadzu (Columbia,Md.) preparative HPLC system was used with dual 8A pumps, SIL 10 vpautoinjector, SPD M10 Avp photodiode array detector, and a SCL 10 Avpsystem controller, all operating under the Shimadzu Class VP operatingsystem. Sample aliquots (2 mL) in 1% acetic acid in acetone wereinjected on a Waters (Milford, Mass.) Bondapak C18 PrepPak column (15-20uM, 125 Å, 47 mm×300 mm) in a radial compression module. The column wasprequilibrated with 1% acetic acid, 10% acetonitrile and 89% acetone ata flow rate of 50 mL/min, and the effluent was monitored at 360 nm. Thecolumn was developed to 23% acetonitrile over 10 minutes. Peaks werecollected by hand. The procedure was repeated 40 times to obtainsufficient quantities of purified FG and F₂G.

Example 7

Analyses were carried out in order to differentiate of mono- anddiferuloylated acylglycerols. Feruloylated SBO was enzymaticallyhydrolyzed with an excess of water in 2-methyl-2-propanol solutions at37° C. using a sn-1,3 specific enzyme, Lipase PS-C “Amano” I, whichshowed no substrate activity towards the feruloyl moiety as described inthe article by Compton et al previously incorporated herein. Thedeacylation was facile and reached equilibrium after 48 h. Unexpectedly,the deacylation of the feruloylated SBO resulted in two feruloylatedglycerol species, one of which had not been detected by our originalwater/methanol or acetone/acetonitrile HPLC methods. The isolation ofthe two feruloylated glycerol species by preparative HPLC was achievedusing an isocratic development of a C18 column with an amendedacetone/acetonitrile solvent system. ¹ H NMR analysis of the isolatedoils allowed for the unambiguous identification of1(3)-feruloyl-sn-glycerol (FG) and 1,3-diferuloyl-sn-glycerol (F2G). TheFG spectrum consisted of three unique sets of glycerol protons in a2:1:2 ratio (H-8 11:H-12:H-13); indicating a sn-1(3) substitution of theglycerol backbone. The ratio of the feruloyl methyl peak H-7) to theglycerol protons confirmed a single feruloyl moiety on the glycerol. TheF₂G spectrum showed two sets of glycerol protons (H-11:H-12) in a 4:1ratio, consistent with sn-1,3 substitution pattern. The ratio of theferuloyl methyl peak (H-7) to the glycerol protons confirmed twoferuloyl moieties on the glycerol. The identification of the FG and F₂Gwas also confirmed by HPLC-MS. The unexpected discovery of F₂G speciesindicates that a significant quantity of the F₂MAG is produced duringthe transesterification of the SBO with the EF. However, previousHPLC-MS methods did not reveal the presence of any diferuloylatedacylglycerol species. Therefore, a new HPLC-MS method was developed tobetter separate and identify the feruloyl and diferuloyl acylglycerolspecies.

The transesterification of SBO with EF resulted in a mixture offeruloylated acylglycerol species, some of which have not beenpreviously identified and contain two feruloyl groups per glycerolbackbone. A new HPLC method based on a previously used water/methanolsolvent system but using a phenyl-hexyl column instead of a C8 columnand an amended gradient sequence was developed to separate theferuloylated acylglycerols. The new method was effective in separatingthe FG and F₂G from the FA and residual EF (FIG. 5). These species wereidentified in the chromatogram using FA and EF standards and the FG andF₂G that were purified by preparative HPLC (discussed previously). TheFMAG and FDAG regions (R_(t)=18 to 27 min), however, were convolutedwith peaks due to the multiple fatty acids in SBO, making the assignmentof the diferuloylated species ambiguous.

To deconvolute the HPLC chromatogram and simplify the MS analysis of theferuloylated species, the transesterification of triolein with EF wasinvestigated as a model reaction. The enhancement of thetransesterification kinetics of EF with SBO catalyzed by C. antarcticalipase B using glycerol as a co-reactant is described herein.Accordingly, the present transesterifications of triolein with EF wereperformed in the presence of glycerol. The chromatograph of the reactionof a 2:2:1 ratio of EF:triolein:glycerol after reaching equilibrium (120h) is shown in FIG. 1A. The FG, FA, F₂G and EF were identified usingstandards as described above. The remaining peaks were identified byHPLC-APCIMS in the negative ion mode. Table 2 lists the peaks obtain byHPLC-MS chromatography and their corresponding Rt and major ions. Theidentification of the FG and F₂G isolated by preparative HPLC andcharacterized by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy was confirmed by MS. Themajor ion of the F₂G species was 23 mass units greater than itscalculated exact mass, which corresponds to the addition of a Na⁺ atomto the negative F₂G ion. Ion contaminants from salts (e.g. Na⁺ and Li⁺)often form adducts with the major ion. TABLE 2 Exact Species^(a) R_(t)(min)^(b) Mass Major Ion (m/z)^(c) Peak Area (%)^(a) FG  6.7 268.1 266.9[M − H]⁻ 8.2 FMOG 18.5 532.3 531.1 [M − H]⁻ 29.6 FDOG 25.3 796.6 795.3[M − H]⁻ 11.7 F₂G 11.1 444.1 464.9 [M − H + Na] 13.8 F₂G^(d) 11.4 444.1465.0 [M − H + Na] 0.6 F₂MOG 20.2 708.1 714.3 [M − H + Li] 1.1 F₂MOG^(d)20.2 sh^(e) 708.1 707.1 [M − H]⁻ 0.9^(a)Feruloylated species obtained after the enzyme catalyzed reaction of2:2:1 mole ratio of EF:triolein:glycerol at 60° C. (144 h). The percentpeak area of the species related to the total peak area of allferuloylated species, including FA and EF, as detected by HPLC using theUV detector (325 nm). See FIG. 1 caption for acronym definitions.^(b)Retention times were determined using the UV6000 detector (325 nm)during HPLC-MS.^(c)Major ions detected by HPLC-MS in negative ion mode.^(d)sn-1,2-diferuloyl positional isomers.^(e)Shoulder.

The presence of the previously undetected F₂MOG species was confirmed byHPLC-MS using the new phenyl-hexyl column method. The F₂MOG eluted as asingle peak (R_(t) 20.2 min, FIG. 5A) with the expected mass (Table 2)followed by a small shoulder. The major ion detected for the shoulderalso corresponded to the mass for F₂MOG. Other evidence suggests thatNovozyn 435 shows preferential sn-1(3)-positional acylation under ourtransesterification conditions. Thus, it was assumed that the majorF₂MOG peak corresponded to the 1,3-diferuloyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerolisomer, while the shoulder was the less abundant1,2-diferuloyl-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol. Similarly, the other diferuloylspecies, F₂G, eluted as two peaks with the same mass. The larger peak(R_(t) 11. I min, FIG. 5A) was identified by the F₂G standard isolatedby preparative HPLC and was confirmed by ¹H NMR to be the1,3-diferuloyl-sn-glycerol (see above). Thus, the less abundant peak wasassumed to be 1,2-diferuloyl-sn-glycerol. Therefore, it can be concludedthat the sn-1,3-diferuloyl isomers elute before the sn-1,2-diferuloylisomers, further suggesting that the larger F₂MOG peak was the1,3-diferuloyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol. The potential for Novozym 435 tocatalyze the acylation of the sn-2-position and the non-catalyzed acylmigration, accounting for the formation of a small quantity ofsn-2-feruloyl-substituted acylglycerols, is discussed elsewhere herein.

The previously known FMOG species eluted as a small shoulder preceding asingle peak (R_(t) 18.5 min, FIG. 5). The main peak possessed a majorion of the expected mass, but the MS data for the shoulder wasinconclusive. It was believed, however, that the shoulder was also aFMOG isomer. Again, evidence supporting that C. antarctica lipase B'spreferentially esterifies the sn-1(3)-position under ourtransesterification conditions suggests that the feruloyl group of thevarious monoferuloyl acylglycerol species occupies the sn-1(3)-position.The hydrolysis of the feruloylated oleoylglycerols offered insight intowhich FMOG positional isomer, the 1-feruloyl-3-monooleoyl-sn-glycerol or1-feruloyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol, corresponded to the shoulder and towhich corresponded the main peak. Consider the transesterification oftriolein with EF without glycerol, which produced the highest FDOG toFMOG ratio (Table 23). The FDOG, 1-feruloyl-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol, whenhydrolyzed by the predominantly sn-1,3 specific B. cepacia lipase, whichshowed no activity towards the feruloyl moiety, would be expected toyield 1-feruloyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol. The HPLC chromatogram of thehydrolyzed reaction mixture after 24 h (data not shown) showed a largeincrease in the FMOG shoulder (R_(t) 18.5) and complete consumption ofthe EDO. This strongly suggests that the FMOG shoulder was the1-feruloyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol isomer. Thus, the FMOG main peak wasdesignated as the 1-feruloyl-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol isomer. The FMOG mainpeak was essentially consumed within 24 h under the hydrolysisconditions and would be expected to be converted to FG. Indeed, the FGpeak increased relative to the FMOG main peak's consumption, furthersupporting that the FMOG main peak wasthe1-feruloyl-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol. The results presented above showthat the phenyl-hexyl HPLC-MS column method allowed for the separationand unambiguous identification of the various feruloylated anddiferuloylated oleoylglycerols and their positional isomers formedduring the transesterification of triolein with EF. Although the manyferuloylated acylglycerols formed during the transesterification of SBOwith EF (Rt 18.0 to 28.0 min, FIG. 5B) cannot be as cleanly separatedusing the phenyl-hexyl HPLC-MS column method due to SBO's multiple fattyacids, the results from the triolein transesterification s can be usedto assign the peaks to classes of feruloylated SBO glycerols. FIG. 5Bshows that the FMAG, F₂MAG and FDAG elute at similar times to theircorresponding feruloylated oleoylglycerols. This allowed forquantification of the three groups of feruloylated acylglycerols, whichwas not possible using previous HPLC methods. TABLE 3 SpeciesDistribution (%)^(a) triolein:EF:glycerol FG F₂G F₂G FMOG^(c) FMOG F₂MOGF₂MOG^(c) FDOG Trial (mole ratio) (6.7)^(b) (11.1) (11.4) (18.5) (18.5)(19.2) (19.2) (25.3) A 1:1:1 18.6 12.2 0.3 4.0 32.5 0.9 0.6 7.5 B 2:2:18.2 13.8 0.6 3.9 29.6 1.1 0.9 11.7 C 4:4:1 3.0 15.7 0.6 3.0 21.7 2.3 1.116.0 D 1:1:0 0.4 6.2 0.0 1.1 11.0 8.2 0.0 19.7^(a)The species distributions were determined as the percent peak areaof the species related to the total peak area of all feruloylatedspecies, including FA and EF, as detected by HPLC using the UV detector(325 nm). See Section for acronym definitions.^(b)The R_(t) (min) corresponding to the peaks in FIG. 5A.^(c)Shoulder to the main peak (see FIG. 5A).

Example 8

The transesterification kinetics of triolein or SBO with EF catalyzed byC. antarctica lipase B can be enhanced by performing a glycerolysis ofthe triolein prior to the addition of EF. The influence of theglycerol:triolein mole ratio on the distribution of the feruloylatedoleoylglycerols and feruloyl glycerols during transesterification scatalyzed by Novozym 435 over the course of 144 h at 60° C. wasexamined. The highest glycerol:triolein ratio (1:1) resulted in the mostEF converted to total product, 71%, while the absence of glycerolresulted in the lowest conversion, 42%, as shown in FIG. 6. Not onlydoes the pre-glycerolysis of the triolein influence the overallconversion to products, the distribution of feruloylated products wasalso greatly influenced. For the discussion of product distributions asinfluenced by the glycerol:triolein ratios, the two positional isomersfor each of F₂G, FMOG, and F₂MOG were summed when reporting the percentconversion of each species. FIG. 6 shows the distribution of theferuloylated oleoylglycerols and feruloyl glycerols related to the totalamount of feruloylated species formed, excluding ferulic acid. The mostabundant species initially at all ratios was FMOG. This indicated thatmonooleoylglycerol formed before the addition of EF was the mostreactive oleoylglycerol species towards the EF. Even without theaddition of glycerol, FMOG is the most abundant species after 8 h. Thisalso suggested that the triolein must be deacylated prior totransesterification with the EF. Indeed, contrary to expectations, itappears that the rate-limiting step of the transesterification oftriolein with EF is the deacylation of the triolein to provide reactivesites on the glycerol backbone and not the subsequenttransesterification of the EF to the glycerol. The kinetics of thesequential hydrolysis-transesterification (ping-pong bi-bi mechanism) ofthe triolein/EF transesterification is discussed in detail above.

The pre-glycerolysis of the triolein most greatly influenced theFDOG:FMOG ratio after 144 h. As the glycerol:triolein ratio wasincreased the amount of FDOG decreased from 43% with no glycerol to 10%with 4:1 glycerol:triolein. Concurrently, the amount of FMOG increasedfrom 28 to 52% after 144 h. This was expected since the pre-glycerolysisprovides more of the reactive monooleoylglycerol species and lowers theprobability that a fatty acid group was available fortransesterification to the free site of the FMOG to form FDOG. The mostperplexing phenomenon observed during the transesterification was theamounts of F₂G formed at early percent conversions. The formation ofboth FG and F₂G was easily explained when EF is added to glycerolizedtriolein, since residual glycerol is present. The residual glycerol andthe deacylation of the mono- and dioleoylglycerol during the subsequenttransesterification with EF can account for the larger quantities of F₂Gformed during these reactions. When triolein is used for thetransesterification with EF, however, a substantial amount of F₂G isinitially formed, 10%. The pathway from triolein and EF to F₂G mostlikely proceeded through a FMOG intermediate that was subsequentlydeacylated, and the fatty acid replaced by a second feruloyl group. FMOGmost likely serves as the intermediate for some of the otherferuloylated oleoylglycerols. The newly described phenyl-hexyl HPLC-MSmethod sufficiently separated and allowed for the identification andquantification of the triolein/EF transesterification products. Theinteraction of the feruloyl moieties with the phenyl groups of thephenyl-hexyl column in reverse phase allows for the better separation ofthe feruloylated acylglycerols than can be obtained with a typicalreverse phase C8 or C18 column.

The present disclosure provides methods to identify and monitor thesecontaminates during synthesis and purification. Further, the presentinvention provides methods for carrying out lipase-catalyzed reactionsthat provide increased reaction rates and thus increased commercialefficiency in the production of the desired products. The methodsdisclosed herein make possible enhanced product quality and potentialenergy/environmental savings in the context of immobilized lipasetechnology.

While preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown anddescribed, modifications thereof can be made by one skilled in the artwithout departing from the spirit and teachings of the invention. Theembodiments described herein are exemplary only, and are not intended tobe limiting. Many variations and modifications of the inventiondisclosed herein are possible and are within the scope of the invention.Where numerical ranges or limitations are expressly stated, such expressranges or limitations should be understood to include iterative rangesor limitations of like magnitude falling within the expressly statedranges or limitations (e.g., from about 1 to about 10 includes, 2, 3, 4,etc.; greater than 0.10 includes 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, etc.). Use of theterm “optionally” with respect to any element of a claim is intended tomean that the subject element is required, or alternatively, is notrequired. Both alternatives are intended to be within the scope of theclaim. Use of broader terms such as comprises, includes, having, etc.should be understood to provide support for narrower terms such asconsisting of, consisting essentially of, comprised substantially of,etc.

Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the descriptionset out above but is .only limited by the claims which follow, thatscope including all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims.Each and every claim is incorporated into the specification as anembodiment of the present invention. Thus, the claims are a furtherdescription and are an addition to the preferred embodiments of thepresent invention. The discussion of a reference in the Description ofRelated Art is not an admission that it is prior art to the presentinvention, especially any reference that may have a publication dateafter the priority date of this application. The disclosures of allpatents, patent applications, and publications cited herein are herebyincorporated by reference, to the extent that they provide exemplary,procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein.

1. A method of making a compound having the structural formula:

wherein at least two of R₁, R₂, and R₃ are non-fatty acid carboxylates;and the other of R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each either a C₂-C₂₄ fatty acidmoiety, OH, or a non-fatty acid carboxylate, wherein the first andsecond non-fatty acid carboxylates, when present, are the same ordifferent, comprising: (a) partially deacylating a triacylglycerol so asto provide a mono- or diacylglycerol; (b) reacting in a reaction mixturean acyl ester of the phytochemical with said mono- or diacylglycerol inthe presence of a esterase catalyst under conditions that permittransesterification of said ester with said mono- or diacylglycerol; and(c) recovering said compound from said reaction mixture.
 2. The methodof claim 1 wherein (a) is carried out in the presence of an esterasecatalyst.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said reaction mixture issubstantially free of water.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the twonon-fatty acid carboxylates absorb UV radiation.
 5. The method of claim1 wherein the two non-fatty acid carboxylates have at least one propertyselected from the group consisting of anti-aging properties,anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-neoplastic properties, and antioxidantproperties.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the two non-fatty acidcarboxylates are compounds comprising at least one UV-absorbingchromophore.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the compound comprising atleast one UV-absorbing chromophore comprises a phytochemical.
 8. Themethod of claim 7 wherein the phytochemical comprises flavonoids,isoflavones (phytoestrogens), isothiocyanates, organosulfur compounds,saponins, capsaicin, or combinations thereof.
 9. The method of claim 7wherein the phytochemical comprises an aromatic species, an unsaturatedisoprenoid, an unsaturated terpenoid, a hindered hydroxy-substitutedcinnamic acid, an unhindered hydroxy-substituted cinnamic acid orcombinations thereof.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein thehydroxy-substituted cinnamic acid is substituted at positions 2, 3, 4,5, 6 or combinations thereof.
 11. The method of claim 7 wherein thephytochemical comprises maleanilic acid, homovanillic acid, folic acid,crocetin, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid(sinapinic acid), derivatives thereof or combinations thereof.
 12. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the compound has the formula:

wherein R₄=H or OCH₃ and R₂,R₃ or both are non-fatty acid carboxylatescomprising compounds comprising at least one UV-absorbing chromophore.13. The method of claim 12 wherein the compounds comprising at least oneUV-absorbing chromophore comprises a phytochemical.
 14. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the acyl ester is ethyl ferulate.
 15. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the triglycerol is a vegetable oil selected from thegroup consisting of soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil,high-oleic sunflower seed oil, canola oil, safflower oil, cuphea oil,coconut oil, olive oil and palm kernel oil.
 16. The method of claim 1wherein (a) is carried out prior to (b).
 17. The method of claim 1wherein (a) comprises an alcoholysis or glycerolysis reaction.
 18. Themethod of claim 1 wherein (a) comprises partial hydrolysis of atriacylglycerol.
 19. A method of making a desired compound comprising atriacylglycerol esterified with at least a first carboxylate,comprising: (a) providing a mono- or diacylglycerol; (b) reacting in areaction mixture an acyl ester of the first carboxylate with said mono-or diacylglycerol in the presence of a esterase catalyst underconditions that permit transesterification of said ester with said mono-or diacylglycerol; and (c) recovering the desired compound from saidreaction mixture.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the firstcarboxylate is a phytochemical.
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein (a)comprises partial transesterification of glycerol with free fatty acids.22. The method of claim 19 wherein (b) is carried out in the substantialabsence of water.
 23. The method of claim 19 wherein (b) is carried outin the substantial absence of a solvent.
 24. The method of claim 1further comprising the removal of volatile compounds from the reactionmixture prior to or following recovery of the product.
 25. A method ofclaim 1 further comprising removing at least a portion of the vegetableoil from the reaction mixture prior to or following recovery of theproduct.